Understanding the Impact of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain on Daily Life from a Gender Perspective Using the PAIN_Integral Scale©.

The experience of chronic non-cancer pain differs between women and men due to gender-related factors. This study (1) assessed the difference in responses to the impact of chronic non-cancer pain on daily life in women and men using the PAIN_Integral Scale© and (2) evaluated its invariance through multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. This was conducted by means of an analysis of invariance through a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. A cross-sectional sample of 400 participants over 18 years of age with Chronic Non-Oncological Pain in Pain Units and Primary Care Centres belonging to the Spanish Public Health System was recruited (January to March 2020). An analysis was performed to assess whether any of the items in the instrument showed different behaviours. All analyses were performed using AMOS® v.26 software. The results showed that the structure of the PAIN_Integral© Scale remained adequate when analysing its invariance in women and men, showing no metric, scalar and/or strict invariance. Therefore, these results indicated that the PAIN_Integral Scale© instrument has a different interpretation for women and men, identifying eight items with a singular functioning in both sexes and belonging to the subscales of proactivity, resilience and support network. These findings can be explained by gender stereotypes, since the dimensions where there are differences have an important social burden.

Alcohol use among children and adolescents with chronic pain. Scoping review.

AIM: To examine and map alcohol consumption in children and adolescents with chronic pain (CP). METHOD: A scoping review of international databases (CINAHL, WOS, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Embase, and MEDLINE) and grey literature was conducted between September 2022 and February 2023. Documents addressing the relationship between alcohol consumption and CP in children and adolescents, published in English and Spanish between 2012 and 2023, were included. Those papers with a population suffering from CP derived from neurodegenerative diseases, chronic infectious diseases or cognitive impairment were excluded. We assessed the level of evidence (LE) and the degree of recommendation (DR) of the studies included in accordance with the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Finally, 11 documents were considered out of the 479 reviewed. RESULTS: The relationship between substance consumption and CP in adolescents is a scarcely investigated topic. While there is a trend towards lower rates of alcohol consumption in youth with pain, there is evidence suggesting an association, particularly in cases of intense pain. The use of various substances, both legal and illegal, for pain management underscores the importance of comprehensively addressing this phenomenon in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption in children and adolescents with CP.

Management of Skin Lesions in Patients with Epidermolysis Bullosa by Topical Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is the overarching term for a set of rare inherited skin fragility disorders that result from mutations in at least 20 different genes. Currently, there is no cure for any of the EB subtypes associated with various mutations. Existing therapies primarily focus on alleviating pain and promoting early wound healing to prevent potential complications. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches. The objective of this research was to assess the efficacy of various topical treatments in patients with EB with the goal of achieving wound healing. A secondary objective was to analyse the efficacy of topical treatments for symptom reduction. A literature search was conducted using scientific databases, including The Cochrane Library, Medline (Pubmed), Web of Science, CINHAL, Embase, and Scopus. The protocol review was registered in PROSPERO (ID: 418790), and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, resulting in the selection of 23 articles. Enhanced healing times were observed compared with the control group. No conclusive data have been observed on pain management, infection, pruritus episodes, and cure rates over time. Additionally, evidence indicates significant progress in gene therapies (B-VEC), as well as cell and protein therapies. The dressing group, Oleogel S-10, allantoin and diacerein 1%, were the most represented, followed by fibroblast utilisation. In addition, emerging treatments that improve the patient's innate immunity, such as calcipotriol, are gaining attention. However, more trials are needed to reduce the prevalence of blistering and improve the quality of life of individuals with epidermolysis bullosa.

Interplay between chronic widespread pain and lifestyle factors on the risk of type 2 diabetes: longitudinal data from the Norwegian HUNT Study.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic widespread pain (CWP) and diabetes commonly co-occur; however, it is unclear whether CWP infers an additional risk for diabetes among those with known risk factors for type 2 diabetes. We aimed to examine if CWP magnifies the effect of adverse lifestyle factors on the risk of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study comprised data on 25 528 adults in the Norwegian HUNT Study without diabetes at baseline (2006-2008). We calculated adjusted risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs for diabetes at follow-up (2017-2019), associated with CWP and body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and insomnia symptoms. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was calculated to investigate the synergistic effect between CWP and adverse lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Compared with the reference group without chronic pain and no adverse lifestyle factors, those with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 with and without CWP had RRs for diabetes of 10.85 (95% CI 7.83 to 15.05) and 8.87 (95% CI 6.49 to 12.12), respectively; those with physical activity <2 hours/week with and without CWP had RRs for diabetes of 2.26 (95% CI 1.78 to 2.88) and 1.54 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.93), respectively; and those with insomnia symptoms with and without CWP had RRs for diabetes of 1.31 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.60) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.56), respectively. There was little evidence of synergistic effect between CWP and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (RERI=1.66, 95% CI -0.44 to 3.76), low physical activity (RERI=0.37, 95% CI -0.29 to 1.03) or insomnia symptoms (RERI=-0.09, 95% CI -0.51 to 0.34) on the risk of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show no clear interaction between CWP and adverse lifestyle factors on the risk of diabetes.

Factors that influence the impact of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain on daily life: A partial least squares modelling approach.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Non-Cancer Pain is pain of more than three months' duration and is not associated with an oncological condition. There is ample literature that recognises that Chronic Non-Cancer Pain impacts numerous areas of the life of the person who suffers from it. This impact is difficult to determine and quantify because Chronic Pain is a subjective experience. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test a recursive model of hypothesised factors that comprise the concept of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain Impact on daily life using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample size was calculated using G*Power V.3.1.9.4 with five parameters (two-tailed, large effect size (f2 = 0.35), power of 0.95, statistical significance of 95% (α = 0.05) and 36 predictors). The minimum number of subjects was considered to be 137. METHODS: A recursive model was built based on data from a sample of 395 people over 18 years of age with Chronic Non-Cancer Pain. Data collection was conducted between January and March 2020 at Pain Units and Primary Healthcare Centres belonging to the Spanish Public Health System in the province of Seville (Spain). Analyses were based on Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling. The internal consistency, convergent validity and discriminant validity of the internal measurement model were assessed. For the external measurement model, global model adjustment and structural validity were assessed. The predictive capacity of the final model was also evaluated. All analyses were performed using SmartPLS version 3.3.2 in consistent mode. RESULTS: Findings showed an adequate validity of the proposed model, which comprised nine factors: pain catastrophising, hopelessness due to pain, support network, proactivity, treatment compliance, self-care, mobility, resilience, and sleep. The internal validity of the model (Cronbach's alpha and rho_A > 0.70; Average Variance Extracted>0.50; standardised outer loadings>0.60; Heterotrait-Monotrait-Ratio < 0.85), goodness of fit (Standardised Root Mean Square Residuals<0.08; Geodesic and Euclidean distance p-value<0.05) and predictive power with out-of-sample values (Stone-Geisser test>0.5) were adequate. The hypothesised structure of the instrument has also been confirmed (path coefficients>0.3; R2 > 0.1; f2 > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: The results have shown an adequate internal consistency, convergent validity and discriminant validity of the model. Likewise, the model has shown an adequate goodness of fit, and the validity of its structure and the hypothesis have been confirmed. However, more research is needed in this regard as the possible interaction between the different factors evaluated in the model with the confounding or moderating variables that may exist.

Nutritional aspects in chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review.

Objectives: Chronic pain (CP) is an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience that can be accompanied by tissue damage that persists for more than 3 months. Recent studies show that certain nutritional strategies can help to improve pain, so this study is aimed to systematically review scientific evidence to understand and map the effect of the use of nutritional strategies on the presence or intensity of chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and the association of these nutritional aspects with the presence or intensity of CNCP. Study design: A systematic review. Methods: Two independent researchers searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies that explored the relationship between nutrition and CNCP in adults from 2010 to 2020 in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. A total of 24 studies were included, of which 20 were RCTs and 4 were observational studies. They are classified into the administration of nutritional supplements, dietary modification, and incorporation of food. Results: Of these studies, those that have a significant effect on pain are dietary modification and the use of nutritional supplements. On the other hand, the main results from the few observational studies included in this review point to the existence of an association relationship between less pain and a ketogenic or hypocaloric diet or adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Conclusion: Dietary modification seems to be one plausible therapeutic option to improve and relieve CNCP. However, more research is needed in this regard to obtain better conclusions. Systematic Review Registration: [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42021226431].

Profiles of adult people in a Spanish sample with chronic pain: Cluster analysis.

AIM: To establish groups of people with chronic non-cancer pain according to the impairment caused by pain and to identify factors associated with the group with a higher level of impairment. BACKGROUND: Knowing the profiles of people who suffer from chronic non-cancer pain could make it possible to direct their treatment and to detect associated risks. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: A sample of 395 people with chronic non-cancer pain was collected in Pain Units and Primary Healthcare Centres in southern Spain (January to March 2020). A cluster analysis was performed to divide the population into groups and a binary logistic regression model was established to determine factors associated with the group with a higher level of impairment. RESULTS: Two groups were identified: lower level of impairment due to pain, characterized by being 45-65 years old, not medicated with opioids or anxiolytics, employed and with a mild level of impact on daily life; and higher level of impairment characterized by being older than 65 years old, medicated with opioids and anxiolytics, retired or on medical leave and with a severe impact on daily life. In addition, among women, being widowed, single or a smoker are risk factors for belonging to the group with a higher level of impairment; being smokers or consuming alcohol three or less times a week would be risk factors in men. CONCLUSIONS: Age, chronic non-cancer pain impact on daily life, work situation and the consumption of opioid drugs and/or anxiolytics are factors that appear to influence the level of impairment due to chronic pain. IMPACT: These findings could help detect impairment due to pain in its early stages, determining the specific needs of each person.

Alcohol, Tobacco and Psychotropic Drugs Use Among a Population with Chronic Pain in Southern Spain. A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Substance use seems to be higher among populations with chronic pain. AIM: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the quantity of alcohol, tobacco, and psychotropic drugs consumed and chronic pain among women and men. METHOD: Linear and logistic regression analyses were carried out using data from the 2015-2016 adults' version of the Andalusian Health Survey which is a representative cross-sectional population-based study (n = 6,569 adults aged >16 years; 50.8% women; 49.2% men). RESULTS: Disabling chronic pain was statistically associated with higher tobacco consumption among men (ß = -30.0, 95% confidenct interval [CI] -59.5 to -0.60; t = -2.0; p < .05). Regarding alcohol, non-disabling chronic pain and a higher quantity of alcohol consumed are statistically associated for both sexes (women: ß = 30.4, 95% CI 2.3-58.6; t = 2.12; p < .05 vs. men: ß = 164.2, 95% CI 24.3-340.1); t = 2.30; p < .05). For women and men, both disabling chronic pain (women: odds ratio [OR] = 8.7, 95% CI 6.0-12.7); p < .05 vs. men: OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.5-8.2); p < .05) and non-disabling chronic pain (women: OR = 3.7, 95% CI 2.0-7.0); p <.05 vs. men: OR = 4.7, 95% CI 95% CI 1.5-14.9); p < .05) were statistically significantly associated with a higher consumption of psychotropic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic pain may be related to the quantity of alcohol, tobacco, and psychotropic drugs consumed, and disability appears to be one of the factors that modulates this relationship.

Design and preliminarily validation of a tool to assess the impact of chronic non-cancer pain on people's daily life in Spanish-language: PAIN_Integral Scale©.

AIM: To build and preliminarily validate a Spanish-language instrument to assess the impact that CNCP has on the daily lives of people who suffer from it. BACKGROUND: The experience of pain is multifactorial and a correct assessment of it helps to control the intensity of pain. Although there are instruments that evaluate areas on which Chronic Non-Cancer Pain impacts, it would be necessary to include other aspects that scientific literature identifies as relevant. DESIGN: Instrument and construct cross-sectional study for psychometric validation. METHODS: A total of 157 items based on items from validated questionnaires were evaluated by a group of 21 chronic pain experts using Delphi methodology in three evaluation rounds. A final questionnaire of 55 items with a 5-point Likert-type scale was formed. This questionnaire was piloted on a total of 30 patients to assess their understanding of the items and the psychometric validation process was carried out (January to March 2020) on a subsequent sample of 395 people, all of whom attended Pain Units and Primary Care Centres of the Public Health System in Spain. RESULTS: The PAIN_Integral Scale© showed acceptable internal consistency scores measured by Cronbach's alpha. Exploratory Factor Analysis indicated a structure of nine factors that explain 71.02% of the total variance, from 157 to a final total of 36 items. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showing adequate values confirmed this structure. The effect size was used to calculate the cut-off points for the overall scale, setting them at scores of 130 and 135. CONCLUSION: This instrument would allow to assess other constructs and dimensions not included in the instruments previously available such as treatment compliance, proactivity, resilience, hopelessness due to pain and pain catastrophizing. However, despite the fact that the preliminary analysis shows good results, it is necessary to continue with its validation process in subsequent studies. IMPACT: The PAIN_Integral Scale© , once the validation process is finished, could be a complete enough instrument to allow a comprehensive healthcare assessment of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain's impact on daily nursing clinical practice and other healthcare professionals.

Consequences of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in adulthood. Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: To examine and map the consequences of chronic pain in adulthood. METHOD: Documents addressing the impact of chronic pain on the psychological and social spheres of people suffering from chronic pain, published in Spanish and English between 2013 and 2018, were included. Those who addressed pharmacological treatments, chronic pain resulting from surgical interventions or who did not have access to the full text were excluded. Finally, 28 documents from the 485 reviewed were included. RESULTS: Studies show that pain is related to high rates of limitation in daily activities, sleep disorders and anxiety-depression spectrum disorders. People in pain have more problems to get the workday done and to maintain social relationships. Chronic pain is also associated with worse family functioning. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that limitations in the ability to perform activities of daily living, sleep, psychological health, social and work resources and family functioning are lines of interest in published articles. However, knowledge gaps are detected in areas such as the influence of having suffered pain in childhood or adolescence, the consequences of non-fulfillment of working hours and gender inequalities.

Consumo de psicofármacos en Andalucía. Un análisis de la Encuesta Andaluza de Salud desde la perspectiva de género / Consumption of psychoactive drugs in Andalusia. An analysis from the Andalusian Health Survey from a gender perspective

INTRODUCCIÓN: En España el 16% de la población consume psicofármacos, ansiolíticos, hipnóticos y antidepresivos son los más frecuentes. La prevalencia de consumo es el doble en mujeres que en hombres para todos los rangos de edad. Diversos autores y autoras indican que esta diferencia puede deberse a roles y estereotipos de género. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de consumo de psicofármacos en Andalucía y conocer los factores de riesgo asociados al consumo de ansiolíticos, hipnóticos y antidepresivos desagregados por sexo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis descriptivo y multivariante a partir de la Encuesta Andaluza de Salud de 2016 realizada a personas mayores de 16 años no institucionalizadas con un tamaño muestral de 6,569 personas (3,231 hombres y 3,338 mujeres). RESULTADOS: Las mujeres tienen 2.1 veces más probabilidad de consumir ansiolíticos y 2.7 y 3 veces más probabilidad de consumir hipnóticos y antidepresivos, respectivamente. Para ambos sexos los factores de riesgo asociados al consumo son: tener más de 65 años y padecer dolor crónico. Para ellos, estar soltero o viudo es un factor de riesgo de consumo; en mujeres, la probabilidad de consumo se incrementa cuando se dedican al trabajo doméstico no remunerado, tienen niveles medios de estudio o padecen dolor crónico discapacitante. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio confirma la influencia del género en el consumo diferencial de psicofármacos entre hombres y mujeres. Nuestros resultados indican la importancia de realizar análisis desagregados por sexo para conocer qué factores muestran las diferentes asociaciones en hombres o mujeres, y con ello, focalizar de forma específica la atención sociosanitaria

INTRODUCTION: In Spain, 16% of the population consumes psychotropic drugs, where anxiolytics, hypnotics and antidepressants are the most frequent. Its prevalence of consumption is double in women than in men for all age ranges. Several authors indicate that this difference may be due to gender stereotypes. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of psychotropic consumption in Andalusia and to know the risk factors associated with the consumption of anxiolytics, hypnotics and antidepressants disaggregated by sex. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive and multivariate analysis based on the 2016 Andalusian Health Survey carried out on people over 16 years of age who were not institutionalized with a sample size of 6,569 people (3,231 men and 3,338 women). RESULTS: Women are 2.1 times more likely to consume anxiolytics and 2.7 and 3 times more likely to consume hypnotics and antidepressants, respectively. For both sexes the risk factors associated with consumption are: being over 65 years of age and suffering from chronic pain. For them, being single or widowed is a risk factor for consumption; in women, the probability of consumption increases when they are engaged in unpaid domestic work, have average levels of study or suffer chronic disabling pain. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the influence of gender on the differential consumption of psychotropic drugs between men and women. Our results indicate the importance of performing analyzes disaggregated by sex to know which factors show the different associations in men or women, and with that, to focus specifically on socio-health care

Factors that Influence Coping with Chronic Noncancer Pain in European Countries: A Systematic Review of Measuring Instruments.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Coping can be defined as the cognitive efforts and behavioral practices that people develop in situations which they consider to be stressful. In people with Chronic Non-Cancer Pain (CNCP), coping is influenced by the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural resources available to them. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the psychometric properties of European measuring instruments related to coping with CNCP in non-hospitalized adults. DATABASE AND DATA TREATMENT: The review was conducted following the guidelines of the PRISMA Statement and the methodological framework of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched by two reviewers independently. The analysis of psychometric properties was performed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist, and the risk of bias was analyzed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Study-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. RESULTS: Thirty-six studies validated twenty-four different instruments. The Portuguese version of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBPI), which assess catastrophizing, and the Spanish version of the Roland-Morris Questionnaire (RMQ), which assess disability, are the instruments with the best methodological quality and bias control. CONCLUSIONS: There are important gaps in the measurement of different aspects of pain coping, such as stress, social and family support, or self-care. Future studies could consider the creation of an instrument to comprehensively assess the resources that influence coping with chronic non-cancer pain.

Consequences of chronic non-cancer pain in adulthood. scoping review / Consecuencias del dolor crónico no oncológico en la edad adulta. scoping review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine and map the consequences of chronic pain in adulthood. METHOD Documents addressing the impact of chronic pain on the psychological and social spheres of people suffering from chronic pain, published in Spanish and English between 2013 and 2018, were included. Those who addressed pharmacological treatments, chronic pain resulting from surgical interventions or who did not have access to the full text were excluded. Finally, 28 documents from the 485 reviewed were included RESULTS Studies show that pain is related to high rates of limitation in daily activities, sleep disorders and anxiety-depression spectrum disorders. People in pain have more problems to get the workday done and to maintain social relationships. Chronic pain is also associated with worse family functioning. CONCLUSIONS This review shows that limitations in the ability to perform activities of daily living, sleep, psychological health, social and work resources and family functioning are lines of interest in published articles. However, knowledge gaps are detected in areas such as the influence of having suffered pain in childhood or adolescence, the consequences of non-fulfillment of working hours and gender inequalities.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Examinar y mapear las consecuencias del dolor crónico en la edad adulta. MÉTODO Se incluyeron documentos que abordaban las repercusiones del dolor crónico en las esferas psicológica y social de las personas que lo padecen, publicados en español e inglés entre los años 2013-2018. Aquellos que abordaban tratamientos farmacológicos, dolor crónico derivado de intervenciones quirúrgicas o que no tenían acceso a texto completo fueron excluidos. Finalmente, se incluyeron 28 documentos de los 485 revisados. RESULTADOS Los estudios muestran que el dolor se relaciona con altas tasas de limitación en las actividades de la vida diaria, alteraciones del sueño y trastornos del espectro ansiedad-depresión. Las personas con dolor experimentan más problemas para rendir en la jornada laboral y mantener relaciones sociales. Con respecto a la familia, el dolor crónico se ha asociado con un peor funcionamiento familiar. CONCLUSIONES Esta revisión pone de manifiesto que las limitaciones en la capacidad para realizar actividades de la vida diaria, el sueño, la salud psicológica, los recursos sociales y laborales y el funcionamiento familiar son líneas de interés en los trabajos publicados. Sin embargo, se detectan lagunas de conocimiento en áreas como la influencia de haber padecido dolor en la infancia o adolescencia, las consecuencias por incumplimiento de la jornada laboral y las desigualdades de género.

Consecuencias del dolor crónico en la infancia y la adolescencia / Consequences of chronic pain in childhood and adolescence

Objetivo: Examinar y mapear las consecuencias del dolor crónico en la infancia y la adolescencia. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria (scoping review) de bases de datos internacionales (PubMed, SCOPUS, WOS y CINAHL, Cochrane Library) y de literatura gris. Se incluyeron documentos que abordaban aspectos psicosociales que influyen en el dolor crónico, publicados en inglés entre los años 2010 y 2016. Se excluyeron los documentos que abordaban tratamientos farmacológicos o dolor crónico derivado de intervenciones quirúrgicas, y aquellos sin acceso al texto completo. Se incluyeron 34 documentos de los 716 revisados. Resultados: Los estudios muestran que el dolor se relaciona con altas tasas de discapacidad funcional y de trastornos del sueño y del espectro ansiedad-depresión. Los/las jóvenes experimentan mayores tasas de victimización y estigmatización, lo que contribuye al aislamiento social, mayor dificultad para atender las exigencias académicas y menor oportunidad de consumo de sustancias ilegales. Con respecto a la familia, el dolor crónico se ha asociado con un peor funcionamiento familiar y una inversión considerable de recursos económicos. Conclusiones: Esta revisión pone de manifiesto que la capacidad funcional, el sueño, el desarrollo personal, el apoyo de iguales y el funcionamiento familiar son líneas de interés en los trabajos publicados. Sin embargo, se detectan lagunas de conocimiento en áreas como las conductas de riesgo, las consecuencias que puede ocasionar el dolor en la edad adulta y las desigualdades de género

Objective: Our aim was to examine and map the consequences of chronic pain in children and adolescents. Method: A scoping review was carried out in the international databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, WOS and CINAHL, Cochrane Library) and gray literature. We included documents that addressed psychosocial aspects that influence chronic pain, published in English between 2010 and 2016. We excluded the documents that dealt with pharmacological treatments, chronic pain derived from surgical interventions or where there was no access to full text. 34 of the 716 documents reviewed were included. Results: Studies show that pain is associated with high rates of functional disability, sleep disorders and spectrum depression-anxiety. Young people experience higher rates of victimization and stigmatization, contributing to social isolation, difficulty in meeting academic demands and less opportunity to consume illegal substances. With respect to the family, chronic pain has been associated with poorer family functioning and considerable investment of economic resources. Conclusions: This Scoping Review shows that functional capacity, sleep, personal development, peer support and family functioning are interesting lines in published works. However, gaps in knowledge are detected in areas such as risk behaviours, the consequences that pain can cause in adulthood and gender inequalities

[Consequences of chronic pain in childhood and adolescence]. / Consecuencias del dolor crónico en la infancia y la adolescencia.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to examine and map the consequences of chronic pain in children and adolescents. METHOD: A scoping review was carried out in the international databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, WOS and CINAHL, Cochrane Library) and gray literature. We included documents that addressed psychosocial aspects that influence chronic pain, published in English between 2010 and 2016. We excluded the documents that dealt with pharmacological treatments, chronic pain derived from surgical interventions or where there was no access to full text. 34 of the 716 documents reviewed were included. RESULTS: Studies show that pain is associated with high rates of functional disability, sleep disorders and spectrum depression-anxiety. Young people experience higher rates of victimization and stigmatization, contributing to social isolation, difficulty in meeting academic demands and less opportunity to consume illegal substances. With respect to the family, chronic pain has been associated with poorer family functioning and considerable investment of economic resources. CONCLUSIONS: This Scoping Review shows that functional capacity, sleep, personal development, peer support and family functioning are interesting lines in published works. However, gaps in knowledge are detected in areas such as risk behaviours, the consequences that pain can cause in adulthood and gender inequalities.